定语从句及相关术语

　　1.定语从句：定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。

　　2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等，绝对没有ｗｈａｔ；关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词常有3个作用：①连接作用，引导定语从句。②代替主句中的先行词，甚至可能是主句中的一部分猴子整个主句。③在定语从句中充当一句子成分。　　注：关系代词有主语.宾语之分。一般whom作为宾语。

　　3.定语：定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用‘……的’表示。主要由形容词担任。此外，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任．单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作定语后置。

　　4、先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。

关系代词引导的定语从句

　　　1.who指人在从句中做主语

　　(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 在踢足球的男孩们是一班的.

　　(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way. 昨天，我帮助了一个迷路的老人.

　　2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常省略。（注：who和whom已无太大区别，基本可以通用。唯一区别是who可以做主语而whom不可以。）

　　(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked with on the bus. 刘先生就是在公交车上和你聊天的那个人.

　　(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy(whom)I want to see. 凌先生恰巧就是我想见的那个男孩.

　　(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend. 你刚刚见到的那个人就是我的朋友.

　　注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。

　　如果在从句中做宾语,就用whom或who.比如: He is the man whom/who I talk to. 他就是那个和我聊天的男人.

　　如果是在从句中作主语就只能用who.比如: He is the man who has an English book. 他就是那个有英语书的男人.

　　3. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。

　　(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.

　　(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替

　　(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.

　　(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.

　　(5) Do you like the book whose color is yellow?

　　(6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?

　　4.which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。

　　(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩都喜欢的游戏.

　　(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天刚买的钢笔.

　　5. that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。

　　在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。

　　(5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.

　　(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?

关系副词引导的定语从句

　　　1. when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语

　　(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.

　　(2) The time when we got together finally came.

　　2. where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语

　　(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.

　　(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.

　　3. why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语

　　(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.

　　(2) I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.

　　注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换

　　(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,

　　(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.

介词+关系词

　　1）介词后面的关系副词不能省略。

　　2）that前不能有介词。

　　3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。例如：

　　This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 这是我两年前住过的房子。

　　This is the house where I lived two years ago.

　　Do you remember the day on which you joined our club？ 还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？

　　Do you remember the day when you joined our club？

（一）定语从句只能用that的几种情况

　　1、当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much，each等修饰时

　　(1) Have you taken down everything (that) Mr. Li has said?

　　(2) There seems to be nothing (that) seems impossible for him in the world.

　　(3) All that can be done has been done.

　　(4) There is little (that) I can do for you.

　　注意1：部分时候that可以省略，如部分例句将that用括号括住。

　　注意2：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who

　　(4) Any man that/.who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing.

　　2、当先行词被序数词修饰

　　The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.

　　3、当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时

　　This is the best film that I have seen.

　　4、当形容词被the very, the only，the same,the last 修饰时

　　(1) This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy,

　　(2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.

　　当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who

　　(3) Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting？

　　5、当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时

　　(1) Who is the man that is standing there?

　　(2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?

　　6、当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时

　　Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?

　　7.当关系代词在定语从句中做表语

　　The village is no longer the one that it used to be 10 years ago.

　　8.当在there be句型中，通常情况下用that，不用which

　　（二）关系代词as和which引导的定语从句as和which引导非限制性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是：

　　1、As和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。

　　(1) He married her, as/which was natural.

　　(2) He was honest, as/which we can see.

　　2、as 引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如……，正像……”的意思

　　(1) As is known to all, China is a developing country.

　　(2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent.

　　(3) John, as you know, is a famous writer.

　　(4) He has been to Paris more than several times, which I don’t believe.

　　注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which。

　　(5) Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.

　　3、当先行词受such, the same修饰时，常用as

　　(1) I have never heard such a story as he tells.

　　(2) He is not such a fool as he looks.

　　(3) This is the same book as I lost last week.

　　注意：当先行词由the same修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同

　　(4) She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding.

　　她穿着她在MARY婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。

　　(5) She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。

　　注意：定语从句such…as …与结果状语从句such… that…的区别：as在所引导的定语从句中作主语，宾语；that在结果状语从句中不做成分

　　(6)He has such a good laptop as I want to buy.

　　(7)He has such a good laptop that I want to buy one.